中央农村工作会议系列解读⑯改善农村人居环境 加快农业农村现代化建设******
作者:常明,中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所
2022年中央农村工作会议强调,要瞄准“农村基本具备现代生活条件”的目标,提高乡村基础设施完备度、公共服务便利度、人居环境舒适度,让农民就地过上现代文明生活。农村要具备基本现代生活条件,首先要搞好人居环境。农村人居环境质量不仅关系到农民的获得感、幸福感和安全感,更是农村是否具备基本现代生活条件的直接体现。改善农村人居环境,是党中央从战略和全局高度作出的重大决策部署,是对农村居民美好环境需求的积极回应,是全面实现乡村振兴战略的有效举措。
党的十八大以来,中央政府出台了一系列农村人居环境治理支持政策,并取得了显著治理成效。截至2021年底,全国农村卫生厕所普及率超过70%,农村生活垃圾进行收运处理的自然村比例稳定保持在90%以上,47.6%的村生活污水集中处理或部分集中处理,95%以上的村庄开展了清洁行动。虽然农村人居环境整治工作取得了阶段性成效,但仍然存在进展不平衡、技术支撑不足、社会监督不完善、长效管护不健全、农民参与不充分、社会力量参与不足等问题。面向新时代新征程,完善农村现代生活条件,要稳妥有序推进农村人居环境整治提升,要从六个方面着手强化机制建设。
第一,建立健全分类推进机制。农村人居环境整治提升要充分考虑区域生态、经济、社会等因素的差异性,要与地方经济社会水平和发展能力相适应,也要同当地的文化和风土人情相协调。一是农村厕所改建要遵循实事求是、群众乐于接受的原则,根据区域的实际情况选择适合的改建模式,重点推动中西部地区农村户厕改造。二是要以可持续治理、资源化利用为农村生活污水治理导向,分区分类形成一批可复制可推广的治理模式。三是推动有条件的地方开展农村生活垃圾源头分类减量与资源化利用,探索就地就近就农处理利用路径,健全农村生活垃圾收运处置体系。
第二,建立健全技术支撑机制。既要鼓励科研机构企业加大新技术新产品研发力度,加快推出因地制宜的卫生厕所、生活污水处理、垃圾处理技术及产品,也要加大示范推广力度,积极开展试点试验,指导地方科学选择技术模式,还要建立设施设备建设验收、运行维护、监测、评估、管理服务等农村人居环境相关领域技术标准体系,强化全程质量管控。
第三,建立健全农民参与机制。农民是乡村的主人,在农村人居环境整治提升中,农民群众不仅是受益者,更是重要的参与者、建设者和监督者。要全方位、多形式加强舆论宣传教育,提升农户对人居环境整治的正确认识,并通过“美丽庭院评选”“积分兑换”等活动,提高村民在人居环境整治中的主人翁意识。更要鼓励村民参与整治决策,让有能力、有资格的村民成为人居环境整治工作的执行者和监督者。
第四,建立健全社会动员机制。动员社会力量,建立“共谋、共建、共治、共评、共享”的组织机制。突出基层党组织的领导效能的同时,调动整合社会资源,从而形成农村人居环境整治合力。既引导村集体经济组织、农民合作社等发挥积极作用,又以乡情乡愁为纽带,吸引和凝聚各方人士支持家乡建设。
第五,建立健全长效管护机制。着力构建系统化、规范化、长效化的建管用并重制度和机制。首先,根据人口、产业、功能等科学规划布局,完善村庄配套设施设备,建立健全市县责任主体、镇村管理主体、农民受益主体的“三位一体”管护责任体系。第二,要在村集体经济条件较好的地方,探索建立村级运营管护组织。第三,要推动农村厕所、生活污水垃圾处理设施设备和村庄保洁等一体化运行管护。逐步建立完善有制度、有标准、有队伍、有经费、有监督的农村人居环境长效管护机制。
第六,建立健全社会监督机制。通过强化监督与指导,实现社会监督常态化,提升农村人居环境治理效能。在完善监督机构、健全规范程序的基础上,通过“随手拍”“红黑榜”等活动建立监督奖惩机制,实现“人人监督人居环境”的良好氛围,激发村民有效参与的内生动力。同时还要基于人居环境整治过程中不同角色的定位与分工构建问责机制,推动问题及时整改。
农村现代化是建设农业强国的内在要求和必要条件,建设宜居宜业和美乡村是农业强国的应有之义。党的二十大报告也将“农村基本具备现代生活条件”列入了二〇三五年的总体目标。站在新的历史起点,要扎实开展农村人居环境整治提升五年行动,通过强化人居环境整治提升机制建设,逐步改善农村现代生活条件,为全面推进乡村振兴、加快农业农村现代化提供有力支撑。
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.